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Source: SEC |
When you make an
investment, you are giving your money to a company or an enterprise,
hoping that it will be successful and pay you back with even more money.
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Some investments make money, and some don't. You can potentially
make money in an investment if:
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The
company performs better than its competitors.
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Other
investors recognize it’s a good company, so that when it comes time to
sell your investment, others want to buy it.
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The
company makes profits, meaning they make enough money to pay you
interest for your bond, or maybe dividends on your stock.
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You can lose money
if:
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The
company's competitors are better than it is.
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Consumers don't want to buy the company's products or services.
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The
company's officers fail at managing the business well, they spend too
much money, and their expenses are larger than their profits.
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Other
investors that you would need to sell to think the company's stock is
too expensive given its performance and future outlook.
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The
people running the company are dishonest. They use your money to buy
homes, clothes, and vacations, instead of using your money on the
business. They lie about any aspect of the business: claim past or
future profits that do not exist, claim it has contracts to sell its
products when it doesn't, or make up fake numbers on their finances to
dupe investors.
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The
brokers who sell the company's stock manipulate the price so that it
doesn't reflect the true value of the company. After they pump up the
price, these brokers dump the stock, the price falls, and investors
lose their money.
For whatever reason, you have to sell your investment when the market
is down.
How
To Invest Wisely And Make Your Money Grow
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Here are some kinds of
investments you may consider making:
Stocks and Bonds
Many companies offer investors the
opportunity to buy either stocks or bonds. The following example shows you
how stocks and bonds differ.
Let's say you believe that a company that makes automobiles may be a good
investment. Everyone you know is buying one of its cars, and your friends
report that the company's cars rarely break down and run well for years.
You either have an investment professional investigate the company and
read as much as possible about it, or you do it yourself.
After your research, you're convinced it's a solid company that will sell
many more cars in the years ahead. The automobile company offers both
stocks and bonds. With the bonds, the company agrees to pay you back your
initial investment in ten years, plus pay you interest twice a year at the
rate of 8% a year.
If you buy the stock, you take on the risk of potentially losing a portion
or all of your initial investment if the company does poorly or the stock
market drops in value. But you also may see the stock increase in value
beyond what you could earn from the bonds. If you buy the stock, you
become an "owner" of the company.
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among on-line RRSP brokers.
You wrestle with the decision. If you buy the bonds, you will get your
money back plus the 8% interest a year. And you think the company will be
able to honor its promise to you on the bonds because it has been in
business for many years and doesn't look like it could go bankrupt. The
company has a long history of making cars and you know that its stock has
gone up in price by an average of 9% a year, plus it has typically paid
stockholders a dividend of 3% from its profits each year.
You take your time and make a careful decision. Only time will tell if you
made the right choice. You'll keep a close eye on the company and keep the
stock as long as the company keeps selling a quality car that consumers
want to drive, and it can make an acceptable profit from its sales.
Invest In The
Stock Market For The Right Reason
MutualFunds
Because it is sometimes hard for
investors to become experts on various businesses-for example, what are
the best steel, automobile, or telephone companies-investors often depend
on professionals who are trained to investigate companies and recommend
companies that are likely to succeed.
Since it takes work to pick the stocks or bonds of the companies that have
the best chance to do well in the future, many investors choose to invest
in mutual funds.
Debt Consolidation
What is a mutualfund?
A mutual fund is a pool of money run by a professional or group of
professionals called the "investment adviser." In a managed mutual fund,
after investigating the prospects of many companies, the fund's investment
adviser will pick the stocks or bonds of companies and put them into a
fund. Investors can buy shares of the fund, and their shares rise or fall
in value as the values of the stocks and bonds in the fund rise and fall.
Investors may typically pay a fee when they buy or sell their shares in
the fund, and those fees in part pay the salaries and expenses of the
professionals who manage the fund.
Even small fees can and do add up and eat into a significant chunk of the
returns a mutual fund is likely to produce, so you need to look carefully
at how much a fund costs and think about how much it will cost you over
the amount of time you plan to own its shares. If two funds are similar in
every way except that one charges a higher fee than the other, you'll make
more money by choosing the fund with the lower annual costs. To easily
compare mutual fund costs, you can use our mutual fund cost calculator.
Mutual Funds Without Active Management
One way that investors can obtain for themselves nearly the full returns
of the market is to invest in an "index fund." This is a mutual fund that
does not attempt to pick and choose stocks of individual companies based
upon the research of the mutual fund managers or to try to time the
market's movements. An index fund seeks to equal the returns of a major
stock index, such as the Standard & Poor 500, the Wilshire 5000, or the
Russell 3000. Through computer programmed buying and selling, an index
fund tracks the holdings of a chosen index, and so shows the same returns
as an index minus, of course, the annual fees involved in running the
fund. The fees for index mutual funds generally are much lower than the
fees for managed mutual funds.
Historical data shows that index funds have, primarily because of their
lower fees, enjoyed higher returns than the average managed mutual fund.
But, like any investment, index funds involve risk.
Watch "Turnover" to Avoid Paying Excess Taxes
To maximize your mutual fund returns, or any investment returns, know the
effect that taxes can have on what actually ends up in your pocket. Mutual
funds that trade quickly in and out of stocks will have what is known as
"high turnover." While selling a stock that has moved up in price does
lock in a profit for the fund, this is a profit for which taxes have to be
paid. Turnover in a fund creates taxable capital gains, which are paid by
the mutual fund shareholders.
The SEC requires all mutual funds to show both their before- and after-tax
returns. The differences between what a fund is reportedly earning, and
what a fund is earning after taxes are paid on the dividends and capital
gains, can be quite striking. If you plan to hold mutual funds in a
taxable account, be sure to check out these historical returns in the
mutual fund prospectus to see what kind of taxes you might be likely to
incur.
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